PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function. 1. Use `PHP_*` macros in the PHP source, and `ZEND_*` macros in the Zend part of the source. Although the `PHP_*` macros are mostly aliased to the `ZEND_*` macros it gives a better understanding on what kind of macro you're calling. 1. When commenting out code using a `#if` statement, do NOT use `0` only. Instead, use `" _0"`. For example, `#if ... korean-slads. Contribute to regbossgame/korean development by creating an account on GitHub. php artisan make:controller PhotoController--model=Photo--resource Generating Form Requests You may provide the --requests option when generating a resource controller to instruct Artisan to generate form request classes for the controller's storage and update methods: Mar 17, 2023 · In this example, we will be using a const construct to define a constant named TEXT. We have used const followed by the name of the constant and then the value. It can be assigned a value using an assignment operator =. Once we have defined the constant, to access the defined constant TEXT, we will echo the name with the constant keyword, as ... It does so by enumerating a shared set of rules and expectations about how to format PHP code. This PSR seeks to provide a set way that coding style tools can implement, projects can declare adherence to and developers can easily relate to between different projects. When various authors collaborate across multiple projects, it helps to have ... It does so by enumerating a shared set of rules and expectations about how to format PHP code. This PSR seeks to provide a set way that coding style tools can implement, projects can declare adherence to and developers can easily relate to between different projects. When various authors collaborate across multiple projects, it helps to have ... May 10, 2021 · この記事では、WordPress（ワードプレス）の投稿ページのテンプレートファイルの作成方法とその見本を紹介します。WordPressではデフォルトで「投稿」と名前の投稿機能が付いています。しかしこの「投稿」から作成したコンテンツを表示させるにはsingle.phpが必要で、その中に「投稿」を取得 ... Jul 17, 2013 · Not sure about this, because we can embed php code into html files and it works fine, even if file extension is .html. Then the server is probably configured to send all files to the PHP module even if the extension is not .php. It's a general server configuration, but if your extension is .html and that config is not set up, the embedded PHP ... Contribute to srinathkp/srinath development by creating an account on GitHub. May 24, 2018 · You can write html code inside a php file, just dont add the php opener at the start. like this example below. You can change index.html to index.php and keep the form code as it is. no need to add php if the index does not need php. however still rename it to index.php is the common solution. Thank You. Personally I use the following: first part of the variable is for what it is. second part is for what it does/is used for. and for variables needed outside the function, class, etc. the third part is for the function, class, etc. it comes from. Ex: I want to name the variable for a video thumbnail on the front page: May 21, 2020 · What Is a PHP Interface? A PHP interface defines a contract which a class must fulfill. If a PHP class is a blueprint for objects, an interface is a blueprint for classes. Any class implementing a given interface can be expected to have the same behavior in terms of what can be called, how it can be called, and what will be returned. Aug 19, 2022 · PHP variables are used for storing values such as numeric values, character strings, or memory addresses so that they can be used in any part of the program. also discussed variable scope, static variable and reserved words. Sep 10, 2012 · So I say, two best practices: make sure you limit scope of your cookies to the path where they are read and written, (third argument of setcookie () method does this) give your cookies some sort of cookie-specific naming convention. I suggest reverse website, like java namespaces, then ".". {appname}.".". These PHP coding standards are intended for the WordPress community as a whole. They are mandatory for WordPress Core and we encourage you to use them for your themes and plugins as well. While themes and plugins may choose to follow a different coding style, these coding standards are not just about code style, but also encompass established ... Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as long as a certain condition is true. In PHP, we have the following loop types: while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true. do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is ... PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function. Aug 1, 2023 · Using namespaces: Basics. ¶. (PHP 5 >= 5.3.0, PHP 7, PHP 8) Before discussing the use of namespaces, it is important to understand how PHP knows which namespaced element your code is requesting. A simple analogy can be made between PHP namespaces and a filesystem. There are three ways to access a file in a file system: Sep 10, 2012 · So I say, two best practices: make sure you limit scope of your cookies to the path where they are read and written, (third argument of setcookie () method does this) give your cookies some sort of cookie-specific naming convention. I suggest reverse website, like java namespaces, then ".". {appname}.".". This approach includes preventing prefixes that clash with PHP or are likely to. Apart from constants, prevent underscores in your names unless you simulate namespaces and are sure you can switch to real namespaces once PHP has them (and of course for object variables). Following this, class and method names would be PascalCased. Jun 15, 2016 · Say you using MySQL as the database and name a table FooBar. Now the client wants to switch to PostgreSQL as an alternative database, this causes your table name to become a problem since postgres uses lower case naming or wrapped in double quotes. MySQL query syntax: SELECT * FROM FooBar. Postgres query syntax: Aug 1, 2023 · In PHP 5+, objects are passed by reference. This has got me into trouble in the past when I've tried to make arrays of objects. For example, I once wrote something like the following code, thinking that I'd get an array of distinct objects. However, this is wrong. This code will create an array of multiple references to the same object. <?php May 18, 2017 · 1. I would suggest you to use underscore separators my_file_example.php, CodeIgniter for example use this convention for it's view files. With dashes, some IDE/Text Editor don't select all the filname by double clicking on it, while with underscore it select, generally, all the file name. Share. Improve this answer. Jun 15, 2011 · Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand php artisan make:controller PhotoController--model=Photo--resource Generating Form Requests You may provide the --requests option when generating a resource controller to instruct Artisan to generate form request classes for the controller's storage and update methods: phpMyAdmin is a software tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of MySQL via a web browser. phpMyAdmin supports a wide range of operations with MySQL. The most frequently used operations are supported by the user interface (managing databases, tables, fields, relations, indexes, users, permissions, etc.) while you still have ... PHP - Required Fields. From the validation rules table on the previous page, we see that the "Name", "E-mail", and "Gender" fields are required. These fields cannot be empty and must be filled out in the HTML form. Required. + Must contain a valid email address (with @ and .) Optional. When you follow the Interface Segregation Principle you will have many small classes and interfaces. That makes Traits an ideal candidate for the things you mentioned, e.g. crosscutting concerns, but not to compose objects (in a structual sense). In our Logger example above, the trait is completely isolated. Oct 22, 2015 · 5 Answers. Variable names follow the same rules as other labels in PHP. A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be expressed thus: ' [a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff] [a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*'. Bylaws serve as a (usually high-level) guide to how an organization should operate. PHP-Fig's Bylaws are NOT standards on how other developers should operate - they're standards for how PHP Fig operates. So these naming conventions say "PHP-Fig folks will write our PSR code THIS way", is how I understand it. – PHP DocFile::noimg - 1 examples found. These are the top rated real world PHP examples of DocFile::noimg extracted from open source projects. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. TextMate. Open the Application Preferences. Click Advanced, and then the “Saving” tab. In “File Encoding”, select “UTF-8 (recommended)”. In “Line Endings”, select “LF (recommended)”. Optional: Check “Use for existing files as well” if you wish to modify the line endings of files you open to your new preference. Mar 15, 2022 · Click on the Advanced system settings link in the left column. From the System Properties window, click on the Advanced tab, and then click on the Environment Variables button at the bottom. Select the Path variable from the System Variables section, and then click on Edit. Add: c:\php to your system path. May 6, 2021 · 以上が「WordPressでカテゴリー毎に色分けをする方法（スラッグをclassにする方法）」でした。. この色分け手法を使えばカテゴリー毎の振り分けなんかで分かりやすいデザインになるかと思います。. この記事では、WordPressサイトで、jQueryとPHPを使用して以下 ... Jul 17, 2013 · Not sure about this, because we can embed php code into html files and it works fine, even if file extension is .html. Then the server is probably configured to send all files to the PHP module even if the extension is not .php. It's a general server configuration, but if your extension is .html and that config is not set up, the embedded PHP ... Speech therapy tasks to improve word finding ability. Say or type the name of the picture. Aug 19, 2022 · PHP variables are used for storing values such as numeric values, character strings, or memory addresses so that they can be used in any part of the program. also discussed variable scope, static variable and reserved words. The RFC used `Suit::Hearts` very very deliberately, as that is the format one should use. ALLCAPS is actually harder to read (studies on this are old and well established). Whenever FIG gets around to updating its coding standard recommendations, I'm going to insist that be the format used. Signed, one of the authors of the Enum RFC. Oct 22, 2015 · 5 Answers. Variable names follow the same rules as other labels in PHP. A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be expressed thus: ' [a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff] [a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*'. May 18, 2017 · 1. I would suggest you to use underscore separators my_file_example.php, CodeIgniter for example use this convention for it's view files. With dashes, some IDE/Text Editor don't select all the filname by double clicking on it, while with underscore it select, generally, all the file name. Share. Improve this answer. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. May 24, 2018 · You can write html code inside a php file, just dont add the php opener at the start. like this example below. You can change index.html to index.php and keep the form code as it is. no need to add php if the index does not need php. however still rename it to index.php is the common solution. Thank You. These PHP coding standards are intended for the WordPress community as a whole. They are mandatory for WordPress Core and we encourage you to use them for your themes and plugins as well. While themes and plugins may choose to follow a different coding style, these coding standards are not just about code style, but also encompass established ... Aug 1, 2023 · In PHP 5+, objects are passed by reference. This has got me into trouble in the past when I've tried to make arrays of objects. For example, I once wrote something like the following code, thinking that I'd get an array of distinct objects. However, this is wrong. This code will create an array of multiple references to the same object. <?php Internally, PHP itself uses Underscores for variables and functions, camelCase for Methods, and PascalCase for Classes, as stated in this PHP documentation page (userlandnaming.rules), and as spelled out in this PHP coding standards document. That said, various frameworks follow different conventions of their own. – PHP 8.0: Named Parameters. Version 8.0. Type New Feature. PHP 8.0 supports optionally calling functions and class methods by specifying the parameter name, instead of calling them on the order of parameters that they are declared. PHP, and many other programming languages, support positional parameters: The caller passes the parameters in the ... When you follow the Interface Segregation Principle you will have many small classes and interfaces. That makes Traits an ideal candidate for the things you mentioned, e.g. crosscutting concerns, but not to compose objects (in a structual sense). In our Logger example above, the trait is completely isolated. TextMate. Open the Application Preferences. Click Advanced, and then the “Saving” tab. In “File Encoding”, select “UTF-8 (recommended)”. In “Line Endings”, select “LF (recommended)”. Optional: Check “Use for existing files as well” if you wish to modify the line endings of files you open to your new preference. PHP 8.0: Named Parameters. Version 8.0. Type New Feature. PHP 8.0 supports optionally calling functions and class methods by specifying the parameter name, instead of calling them on the order of parameters that they are declared. PHP, and many other programming languages, support positional parameters: The caller passes the parameters in the ... PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function. php artisan make:controller PhotoController--model=Photo--resource Generating Form Requests You may provide the --requests option when generating a resource controller to instruct Artisan to generate form request classes for the controller's storage and update methods: Aug 19, 2022 · PHP variables are used for storing values such as numeric values, character strings, or memory addresses so that they can be used in any part of the program. also discussed variable scope, static variable and reserved words. Dec 24, 2019 · Once upon a time, at a conference, the lead developers from a selection of frameworks sat down in the same room and agreed some standards for all their projects to use. The aim was to make PHP frameworks and libraries easier to combine for users. That is when php-fig: the PHP Framework Interop Group was born. This group of awesome individuals oversee the PHP Standards Recommendations (PSRs). Static functions, by definition, cannot and do not depend on any instance properties of the class. That is, they do not require an instance of the class to execute (and so can be executed. In some sense, this means that the function doesn't (and will never need to) depend on members or methods (public or private) of the class. Seriously, use tempnam().Yes, this creates the file, but this is a very intentional security measure designed to prevent another process on your system from "stealing" your filename and causing your process to overwrite files you don't want. Static functions, by definition, cannot and do not depend on any instance properties of the class. That is, they do not require an instance of the class to execute (and so can be executed. In some sense, this means that the function doesn't (and will never need to) depend on members or methods (public or private) of the class. Aug 13, 2023 · View Add Comment Developer Edit. [2007-03-16 16:44 UTC] nick dot telford at gmail dot com. Description: ------------ When declaring two functions in a class (methods) non-static and static functions may not use the same names. While I understand this, this is essentially wrong since static methods and non-static methods are entirely different. Sep 10, 2012 · So I say, two best practices: make sure you limit scope of your cookies to the path where they are read and written, (third argument of setcookie () method does this) give your cookies some sort of cookie-specific naming convention. I suggest reverse website, like java namespaces, then ".". {appname}.".". Aug 1, 2023 · Tips ¶. Tips. ¶. In order to write future-proof code, it is recommended that you don't place many variables, functions or classes in the global namespace. This will prevent naming conflicts with 3rd party code as well as possible future additions to the language. One common way to prevent naming conflicts of functions and classes is to add ... Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as long as a certain condition is true. In PHP, we have the following loop types: while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true. do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is ... on mouseover button: Test if external image url exists, if yes show image, if not show noimg.png Mar 17, 2023 · In this example, we will be using a const construct to define a constant named TEXT. We have used const followed by the name of the constant and then the value. It can be assigned a value using an assignment operator =. Once we have defined the constant, to access the defined constant TEXT, we will echo the name with the constant keyword, as ... Java Naming Convention. Java naming convention is a rule to follow as you decide what to name your identifiers such as class, package, variable, constant, method, etc. But, it is not forced to follow. So, it is known as convention not rule. These conventions are suggested by several Java communities such as Sun Microsystems and Netscape. PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. Start learning PHP now ». Jun 3, 2017 · The current rule is: Classes should be given descriptive names. Avoid using abbreviations where possible. Each word in the class name should start with a capital letter, without underscore delimiters (CamelCaps starting with a capital letter). The class name should be prefixed with the name of the 'parent set' (e.g. the name of the extension):: Jan 27, 2023 · PHP offers numerous out-of-the-box extensions, resources, and functionalities so you can quickly interact with the databases and use various back-end databases such as MongoDB, MySQL, and PostgreSQL. PHP codes are reusable, which allows you to reuse those codes and save your time and effort in any SDLC process. 3. May 18, 2017 · 1. I would suggest you to use underscore separators my_file_example.php, CodeIgniter for example use this convention for it's view files. With dashes, some IDE/Text Editor don't select all the filname by double clicking on it, while with underscore it select, generally, all the file name. Share. Improve this answer. CWUP 2-10-080 Facility Naming. (1) Applicability. (A) This policy applies to the naming of all permanent physical facilities of Central Washington University for the purpose of commemorating persons, for administrative description, and for temporary or working use, including interior spaces of structures and exterior spaces, whether or not ... korean-slads. Contribute to regbossgame/korean development by creating an account on GitHub. May 10, 2021 · この記事では、WordPress（ワードプレス）の投稿ページのテンプレートファイルの作成方法とその見本を紹介します。WordPressではデフォルトで「投稿」と名前の投稿機能が付いています。しかしこの「投稿」から作成したコンテンツを表示させるにはsingle.phpが必要で、その中に「投稿」を取得 ... PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function. Sep 10, 2017 · There's nothing about naming a file. Use whatever you want. – Rajesh Paudel. Sep 10, 2017 at 11:02. Add a comment. 1. Just follow the PSR-4. The terminating class name corresponds to a file name ending in .php. The file name MUST match the case of the terminating class name. May 21, 2020 · What Is a PHP Interface? A PHP interface defines a contract which a class must fulfill. If a PHP class is a blueprint for objects, an interface is a blueprint for classes. Any class implementing a given interface can be expected to have the same behavior in terms of what can be called, how it can be called, and what will be returned. May 21, 2020 · What Is a PHP Interface? A PHP interface defines a contract which a class must fulfill. If a PHP class is a blueprint for objects, an interface is a blueprint for classes. Any class implementing a given interface can be expected to have the same behavior in terms of what can be called, how it can be called, and what will be returned. 10. What you propose is essentially changing signatures to many existing functions. Think for a minute what effect that would have on existing code. Now suppose PHP group have released PHP version N that changes signatures of 30% of the functions. Now imagine you have to write code that runs on both PHP v.N and PHP v. This approach includes preventing prefixes that clash with PHP or are likely to. Apart from constants, prevent underscores in your names unless you simulate namespaces and are sure you can switch to real namespaces once PHP has them (and of course for object variables). Following this, class and method names would be PascalCased. Mar 15, 2022 · Click on the Advanced system settings link in the left column. From the System Properties window, click on the Advanced tab, and then click on the Environment Variables button at the bottom. Select the Path variable from the System Variables section, and then click on Edit. Add: c:\php to your system path. Aug 14, 2023 · Changes to Drupal coding standards are proposed and discussed in issues in the Coding Standards project. This document is loosely based on the PEAR Coding standards. Indenting and Whitespace Use an indent of 2 spaces, with no tabs. Lines should have no trailing whitespace at the end. Files should be formatted with \ as the line ending (Unix line endings), not \\r\ (Windows line endings ... Oct 8, 2015 · 1. You can do in diff ways: Generate some random number and append to file, if file exists then regenerate random number and append to file, Keep do this process until no duplicate files found. You can add date and time, so that it will be unique and readable also. Personally I use the following: first part of the variable is for what it is. second part is for what it does/is used for. and for variables needed outside the function, class, etc. the third part is for the function, class, etc. it comes from. Ex: I want to name the variable for a video thumbnail on the front page: Nov 12, 2019 · All PHP files with the exception of view/template files have the extension .php. All view/template files have the extension .twig. Line feeds are handled automatically by Git, the repo is managed using LF. When cloning all line feeds will be converted automatically to your native environment (CRLF for Windows, LF for Mac/Linux). PHP Tags Jun 3, 2017 · The current rule is: Classes should be given descriptive names. Avoid using abbreviations where possible. Each word in the class name should start with a capital letter, without underscore delimiters (CamelCaps starting with a capital letter). The class name should be prefixed with the name of the 'parent set' (e.g. the name of the extension):: Sep 10, 2012 · So I say, two best practices: make sure you limit scope of your cookies to the path where they are read and written, (third argument of setcookie () method does this) give your cookies some sort of cookie-specific naming convention. I suggest reverse website, like java namespaces, then ".". {appname}.".". Oct 22, 2015 · 5 Answers. Variable names follow the same rules as other labels in PHP. A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be expressed thus: ' [a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff] [a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*'. Jul 17, 2013 · Not sure about this, because we can embed php code into html files and it works fine, even if file extension is .html. Then the server is probably configured to send all files to the PHP module even if the extension is not .php. It's a general server configuration, but if your extension is .html and that config is not set up, the embedded PHP ... Personally I use the following: first part of the variable is for what it is. second part is for what it does/is used for. and for variables needed outside the function, class, etc. the third part is for the function, class, etc. it comes from. Ex: I want to name the variable for a video thumbnail on the front page: Nov 13, 2010 · The new namespacing in PHP 5.3+ helps more in achieving this. You can have some guidelines for this at Zend Coding Standards - File Naming and at PSR-0 Standard Proposal . Other than that, you'd better constantly keep the future in your mind and plan your folder structure accordingly. These PHP coding standards are intended for the WordPress community as a whole. They are mandatory for WordPress Core and we encourage you to use them for your themes and plugins as well. While themes and plugins may choose to follow a different coding style, these coding standards are not just about code style, but also encompass established ... GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Making your Code Follow the Coding Standards. Instead of reviewing your code manually, Symfony makes it simple to ensure that your contributed code matches the expected code syntax. First, install the PHP CS Fixer tool and then, run this command to fix any problem: $ cd your-project/ $ php php-cs-fixer.phar fix -v. Oct 22, 2015 · 5 Answers. Variable names follow the same rules as other labels in PHP. A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be expressed thus: ' [a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff] [a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*'. Speech therapy tasks to improve word finding ability. Say or type the name of the picture. on mouseover button: Test if external image url exists, if yes show image, if not show noimg.png May 6, 2021 · 以上が「WordPressでカテゴリー毎に色分けをする方法（スラッグをclassにする方法）」でした。. この色分け手法を使えばカテゴリー毎の振り分けなんかで分かりやすいデザインになるかと思います。. この記事では、WordPressサイトで、jQueryとPHPを使用して以下 ... It does so by enumerating a shared set of rules and expectations about how to format PHP code. This PSR seeks to provide a set way that coding style tools can implement, projects can declare adherence to and developers can easily relate to between different projects. When various authors collaborate across multiple projects, it helps to have ... May 18, 2017 · 1. I would suggest you to use underscore separators my_file_example.php, CodeIgniter for example use this convention for it's view files. With dashes, some IDE/Text Editor don't select all the filname by double clicking on it, while with underscore it select, generally, all the file name. Share. Improve this answer. Aug 1, 2023 · Tips ¶. Tips. ¶. In order to write future-proof code, it is recommended that you don't place many variables, functions or classes in the global namespace. This will prevent naming conflicts with 3rd party code as well as possible future additions to the language. One common way to prevent naming conflicts of functions and classes is to add ... At the start of the 2023 Mountain East Conference Track and Field Championships, FSU held a dedication ceremony officially naming the track at Bobcat Stadium in honor of a pair of former coaches – Dr. Robert W. Lewis and Dr. Charles H. Hircock – and their astounding careers and contributions to the track and field programs. “We believe ... on mouseover button: Test if external image url exists, if yes show image, if not show noimg.png PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. Start learning PHP now ». At the start of the 2023 Mountain East Conference Track and Field Championships, FSU held a dedication ceremony officially naming the track at Bobcat Stadium in honor of a pair of former coaches – Dr. Robert W. Lewis and Dr. Charles H. Hircock – and their astounding careers and contributions to the track and field programs. “We believe ... Jan 27, 2023 · PHP offers numerous out-of-the-box extensions, resources, and functionalities so you can quickly interact with the databases and use various back-end databases such as MongoDB, MySQL, and PostgreSQL. PHP codes are reusable, which allows you to reuse those codes and save your time and effort in any SDLC process. 3. The RFC used `Suit::Hearts` very very deliberately, as that is the format one should use. ALLCAPS is actually harder to read (studies on this are old and well established). Whenever FIG gets around to updating its coding standard recommendations, I'm going to insist that be the format used. Signed, one of the authors of the Enum RFC. May 24, 2018 · You can write html code inside a php file, just dont add the php opener at the start. like this example below. You can change index.html to index.php and keep the form code as it is. no need to add php if the index does not need php. however still rename it to index.php is the common solution. Thank You. PHP - Required Fields. From the validation rules table on the previous page, we see that the "Name", "E-mail", and "Gender" fields are required. These fields cannot be empty and must be filled out in the HTML form. Required. + Must contain a valid email address (with @ and .) Optional. .